![]() ![]() Ave E #3 Alpine, TX 79830 Physical: 203 N 7th Alpine, TX 79830 (432) 837-6230 Phone (432) 837-4430 FAX BRISCOE COUNTY Tax Assessor-Collector Jon Etta Ziegler P.O. Locust, Ste 200, Angleton 77515 (979) 864-1074 Phone (979) 864-1011 FAX BRAZOS COUNTY Elections Administrator Trudy Hancock 300 E Wm J Bryan Pkwy, Ste 100īryan, 77803 (979) 361-5770 Phone (979) 361-5779 FAX BREWSTER COUNTY Elections Administrator Lora Nussbaum Mailing: 107 W. Box 13, Johnson City 78636 (830) 868-7168 PhoneīORDEN COUNTY Sheriff/Tax Assessor-Collector Benny Ray Allison P.O. Drawer B, Beeville 78104 (361) 621-1519 Phone (361) 492-5993 FAX BELL COUNTY Elections Administrator Desi Roberts Washington Seymour 76380 94 Phone 94 FAX BEE COUNTY Election Administrator Laura Warnix P.O. Bellville 77418-2840 (979) 865-8633 Phone (979) 865-0183 FAXĪ | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z BAILEY COUNTY Tax Assessor-Collector Maria Gonzalez 300 South First St., Ste. Box 189, Claude 79019 (806) 553-2861 Phone ATASCOSA COUNTY Elections Administrator Janice Ruple 914 Main, Suite 115 Jourdanton 78026 (830) 769-1472 Phone (830) 769-1215 FAX AUSTIN COUNTY Tax Assessor-Collector Kim Rinn 804 E. Stroud 602 East Concho, Rockport 78382 (361) 729-7431 Phone (361) 790-0177 FAX ARCHER COUNTY Elections Administrator Christie Mooney P.O. Box 7, Andrews 79714 (432) 524-1463 Phone (432) 524-1451 FAX ANGELINA COUNTY Elections Administrator Terri Jordan P.O. Phone (903) 723-1223 FAX ANDREWS COUNTY Elections Administrator Bobi Parker P.O. SOSDirect: Business Searches & FormationsĪ | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ANDERSON COUNTY Elections Administrator Casey Brown 703 N.The Jasper County Board of Supervisors was presented a $15,000 bid by Front Porch Development, who proposed to renovate the property into downtown housing units. The annex building, whose condition has been steadily declining over the years, was originally up for sale in summer 2020. property into an office space or apartments or workforce housing. “So it’s time, again, to have a conversation about putting it back out to bid and accepting bids on it,” Talsma said, noting to Newton News later on that some parties have expressed interest in turning the 115 N. Jasper County Supervisor Brandon Talsma said there are “a couple of potentially interested parties” wanting to purchase the annex building. The board can choose whether to accept a bid. The county “can’t just sell” the property to anybody, Parrott added, so the building will have to be put out to bid. ![]() Jasper County Auditor Dennis Parrott said the supervisors will revisit the sale and open bids during their June 15 meeting in the courthouse. The board of supervisors on May 25 voted 3-0 to begin the selling process, thereby allowing Jasper County to advertise the sale and attract bidders. Soon the Jasper County Annex Building will be up for sale.
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You don't avoid getting to know someone before becoming their friend, so why would you avoid doing the work to get to know your crystals? There is a certain level of regard we all should have for these Earth treasures that add so much value to our lives - crystal collecting may be more common now, but that doesn't mean it should be taken lightly. While this is valid, I also think it is a mistake to negate the importance of learning about your minerals. I read one specific article that mentioned not having time to research crystals when it comes to safely cleansing them in water, so he just avoids it altogether. Gem elixirs are not the topic of this post, but PLEASE, NEVER DRINK GEM ELIXIRS MADE WITH TOXIC CRYSTALS! If you need to, get more clarity on gemstone toxicity.īe intentional and conscious when it comes to collecting and cleansing minerals! Potentially toxic minerals include: Malachite (copper), Pyrite (sulphur), Stibnite (lead), Actinolite (asbestos), and others. ![]() Quick rinses are generally safe, but soaks are an entirely different thing. If you do get them wet, remove them from the water quickly and dry them well.įurthermore, research whether or not the minerals in question will leech toxic chemicals into the water, especially if you plan on leaving them in a bowl of water for an extended period of time. Why? They will rust when exposed to water for too long and we don't ever want to see our mineral collection go from bright and shiny to dull and rusty. Iron ores, such as Pyrite, Hematite, Magnetite, and Goethite, should not be cleansed in water for long periods. ![]() It is crucial to pay attention to other factors, such as Iron content and porousness (readiness to absorb water). There are some exceptions, however, so do not rely solely on the Moh's Scale. The softest mineral listed on the scale (1) is Talc. This is a 1-10 scale that measures the hardness and scratch resistance of minerals, with 1 being the softest and 10 being the hardest. Then, utilize the internet - it is abundant with resources that can answer your questions in regards to these 3 things, especially if you are unsure about a specific mineral.Īs a general rule of thumb, you should only water cleanse minerals that are a 6, or above, on the Moh's Hardness Scale. Consider the mineral composition, hardness, and porousness of the pieces in question. Doing research on the crystal you want to cleanse in water, before you cleanse it, will give you the peace of mind to have a meditative experience. So, how do we discern what crystals can be cleansed using water?ĭo diligent research and learn cool stuff along the way!Īll this talk about destroying your crystals might be frightening, but a little awareness goes a long way. Others can last in water for days and come out looking brand new. Some minerals will lose their lustre, others may rust, and many will completely dissolve when submerged in water. ![]() It is VERY important to keep in mind, however, that only some crystals can safely be placed in water, especially salt water - it can literally be a matter of mineral life, or death. If you follow me on Instagram, you know very well that cleansing crystals in bodies of water is one of my favorite things to do not only because it gets me outside and in contact with the Earth, but also because water is extremely purifying. There are many ways to cleanse your crystals - one popular method includes utilizing bodies of water, such as rivers, oceans, or lakes. Gain helpful knowledge that will allow you to discern which crystals are water safe, and which ones are not.Ĭleansing your crystals is essential, especially after significant exposure to, and absorption of, negative energy. ![]() Water has the potential to cleanse, or destroy, your crystals. ![]() Remmina supports not only RDP for Ubuntu but also other remote desktop protocols such as VNC, SSH and SPICE. Remmina is a free open-source software that is intended to make life easier for system administrators who need to establish Ubuntu remote desktop connections. Using Remmina – Ubuntu Remote Desktop Client Windows XP uses RDP version 5.1, Windows Server 2003 – version 5.2, Windows Server 2008 – version 6.1, Windows 7 – version 7, Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 – version 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10 – RDP version 10, and Windows Server 2012R2 – version 8.1. Note: In Windows systems, the remote desktop client is known as Remote Desktop Connection or Terminal Services Client. In order to configure Ubuntu RDP connections, you need to install the RDP client or/and the RDP server, depending on the connection direction. Sudo apt-get install -y vim net-tools openssh-server These packages can be installed with the single command: Some packages are already installed in our Ubuntu before going to configuring Ubuntu remote desktop: the text editor vim, net-tools and the SSH server (which allows you to connect via SSH to the Linux console remotely). In today’s blog post, Ubuntu 18.04.2 is installed on the VMware virtual machine. ![]() In the majority of cases, you need to install the Ubuntu remote desktop client manually on your Ubuntu Linux. Today’s blog post explains Ubuntu remote desktop configuration which can also be applied to other Linux distributions.ĭISCOVER SOLUTION How to Use Remote Desktop Connection in Ubuntu There are three the most used network protocols to manage Ubuntu remotely: It is convenient to use RDP for Ubuntu so as to connect to virtual machines running in public clouds such as Azure, Amazon EC2, and Google Cloud. You can also use RDP to connect from Linux machines to Linux machines if needed. However, if Linux with a graphical user interface (GUI) is installed on your machine, you can use the remote desktop protocol and configure remote desktop connection from Linux machines to Windows machines via RDP as well as configuring access from Windows machines to your Linux machines by using this protocol. This protocol can be used for connecting to physical and virtual machines that are running on Windows. ![]() Remote desktop protocol is a popular network protocol that is widely used for connecting to computers remotely in Windows environments to manage them. ![]() ![]() The FIFA 16 release date is September 22nd in the U.S. There are two versions of the game with a basic FIFA 16 version for $59.99 and a FIFA 16 Deluxe Edition for $69.99 with bonus FIFA Ultimate Team packs.Ĭount on a FIFA 16 early release on Xbox One for EA Access members with the full game on September 17th.ĮA promises a plethora of new FIFA 16 features that will allow gamers to leverage a better midfield, smarter team mates, new crossing mechanics and other upgrades to see if it is worth buying FIFA 16 if you already own FIFA 15. Play several FIFA 16 demo game modes in early September. Kick-Off: jump onto the pitch and play a match.You cannot play every game mode in FIFA 16, but EA is generously offering access to four game play modes in the FIFA 16 demo and a special presentation option on PS4, Xbox One and PC. ![]() FIFA Ultimate Team Draft: experience a brand new way to play – FUT Draft.When starting the FIFA 16 Demo for the first time on PC, Xbox One, or PS4, you will begin at El Clasico, Real Madrid CF at home to FC Barcelona. Callie Somerville and Sydney Somerville are the daughters of Frank Somerville.įIFA Trainer: everyone can Compete at a Higher Level in FIFA 16.Make careful decisions as you build a squad, then take them onto the pitch in an offline match. Continue reading the article to learn more about Frank.įrank William Somerville is a journalist from the United States. Somerville has received three Emmy awards at KTVU, including one for best on-camera news anchor. In 1981, while attending San Francisco State University, he worked as an intern at KTVU. In 1992, he was named co-anchor of the station’s morning newscast, and in 2005, he was named the first anchor of the station’s 5 p.m. newscasts in 2008, succeeding Dennis Richmond, a 40-year veteran. In 2013, Somerville apologized on behalf of KTVU for a broadcast on Asiana Airlines Flight 214 in which racist pilot names were readout.įollowing an on-air incident in which he struggled to read the script for several stories, Somerville took a personal leave of absence from KTVU in June 2021. Learn About Who Are Callie And Sydney Somerville? Since the age of 12, Somerville has been a vegetarian. Sydney and Callie Somerville are the daughters of Frank Somerville and Donna Sommerville. Somerville revealed in an interview that Callie is the younger of the two sisters.Īccording to one report, Frank and Donna adopted Callie when she was a baby, in 2005.įrank Somerville is clearly proud of both of his daughters, as evidenced by his frequent social media posts about Callie and Sydney.Īccording to Wikipedia, Frank is married to television producer Donna Wright Somerville.Ī picture of him styling his Black, adopted daughter’s hair went viral on the Internet. He attended San Francisco State University.How Old Are Callie And Sydney Somerville? Frank Somerville Daughters AgeĬallie Somerville is estimated to be around 17 years old, while her older sister Sydney is currently estimated to be 19 years old.įrank’s two daughters, on the other hand, have kept their true ages and birthdates hidden from the public eye. He attended Berkeley High School and graduated in the class of 1976. In 2013, he apologized for an incident in which racist pilot names were read out in a broadcast on Asiana Airlines Flight 214. In 2008 he was named co-anchor of the 6 pm and 10 pm newscasts, replacing 40-year veteran Dennis Richmond. He became co-anchor of the station’s morning news program in 1992 and was the first anchor of the 5 pm newscast when it launched in 2005. After graduation, he worked at local stations in Santa Rosa, California Minneapolis, Minnesota and Providence, Rhode Island before returning to the Bay Area. He was an intern at KTVU in 1981 while attending San Francisco State. He is a recipient of three Emmy awards at KTVU, including one for best on-camera news anchor. Frank Sommerville Biography – Frank Sommerville Wikiįrank Sommerville Biography – Frank Sommerville Wikiįrank Sommerville is an American journalist and news anchor who anchors the five-o’clock, six-o’clock, ten-o’clock, and eleven-o’clock news hours at KTVU in Oakland, California. although it appears very difficult, while Obsidian does so with ease. ![]() Steven is shown using this ability on his own in Steven Universe: The Movie, Enhanced Grip: Obsidian can scale any surface, such as the Diamond Mech, easily using just their bare hands, and without the need for extra tools such as Sunstone's suction cups.This ability appears to be a buff of Ruby's thermal regulation and pyrokinetic touch. Pyrokinesis: When Obsidian was eventually formed, their eyes produced a fiery aura.Future Vision: Obsidian possesses Sapphire's future vision, however, it is useless as the number of Gems make it sound like "a cacophony of noise" according to Rebecca Sugar.Alternatively, abilities can also be buffed by the gained components. Amalgam Physiology: Due to their nature as a Fusion, Obsidian possesses the potential to use all the summoned weapons and innate abilities of their component Gems and the smaller Fusions within them, however, these abilities may be blunted by the complexity of the other components, causing them to become functionally unusable, or taking an extreme amount of concentration to make use of.(It is very likely to mean "Everyone" or "Together" from a theory.) The sword has a series of runes that run up the length of the blade, though the meaning of these runes is unknown. ![]() The red-hot sword that they pull out of their mouth is then capable of slicing through nearly anything, as it destroys Yellow Diamond and Blue Diamond's ships with seeming ease. Greatsword Proficiency: Obsidian forms the hilt of their sword by combining Pearl's spear, Steven's shield, Garnet's gauntlets and Amethyst's whip Obsidian then smelts the blade of the sword by opening up a third mouth full of lava and sticking the hilt into their mouth.As the fusion of all four (five, counting Ruby and Sapphire separately) core members of the Crystal Gems, Obsidian is presumably the strongest fusion so far in the series, possibly stronger than both Malachite and Alexandrite. Obsidian possesses standard Gem abilities and traits. Obsidian begins to climb up the mech briskly while Connie, Bismuth, Peridot, and Lapis distract the upper part of the mech. As Obsidian lets out a tumultuous roar and the other Crystal Gems express their awe in seeing Obsidian, the Diamond Mech soon returns. Garnet, Steven, Pearl, and Amethyst soon perform a fusion dance before coming together to form Obsidian. The other Gems agree, and Garnet declares that it is time to form Obsidian. In an effort to ascend the complete Diamond Mech, Steven suggests that the four core members of the Crystal Gems should fuse. However, they do retain their love of their friends as they protected Connie from falling. They have a ferocious side, as demonstrated when they roared into the eye of the Diamond Mech. Obsidian does not speak, only making vocalizations such as growls and roars. Their appearance greatly resembles that of the Crystal Temple's statue figure.Īll the components' gemstones appear solid black. The third mouth is filled with lava that Obsidian uses to forge their sword. The seam between the face and the "mask" opens up like a lid, revealing a gaping third mouth lined with sharp fang-like teeth. The "mask" itself also has its own pair of functional eyes, giving Obsidian four eyes in total. This "mask" exhibits a combination of the component Gems' facial features, with a nose resembling Pearl's and a non-functional mouth with plump lips similar to Amethyst's. ![]() They also flaunt a secondary face (or "mask") where their forehead would be. Steven's clothes can be seen on one of Obsidian's hands, a reference to where Steven's laundry is hung up in the Crystal Temple. They have plump lips, and their knee caps are diamond-shaped. The skin and hair have bright orange markings, which appear to be lava. ![]() Obsidian is a massive fusion with eight arms, glowing orange eyes, gray skin, and slightly curly charcoal-black hair that reaches their knees. ![]() ![]() We've already sorted the mysql output by the date desc and have counted the no of occurances and have placed those in an array for the final query. Here we are trying to find the word apple in the website by sort of the most recent occurances first, but the number of occurances first. Row3 => array ( col1 => 'foobar!', col2 => 'foobar!' )Īrray_splice ( $test_array, 2, 0, array ( 'rowX' => array ( 'colX' => 'foobar2' ))) Įcho '' print_r ( $test_array ) echo '' įunction array_insert (&$array, $position, $insert_array) // splice into new array while keeping somewhat the original orderĪpplication Example: In-House Search Engine array_splice will always insert it with the key "0". You cannot insert with array_splice an array with your own key. Note: I have not tested this with negative offsets and lengths. This is primarily useful when you want to replace an item in an array with another item, but want to maintain the ordering of the array without rebuilding the array one entry at a time.Īrray_splice_assoc ( $fruit, 'lemon', 'grape', array( 'apple' => 'red' )) Īrray_splice_assoc ( $fruit, 'cherry', 1, array( 'strawberry' => 'red' )) ![]() ![]() the ability to preserve keys in the replacement array a string key for identifying the offset When trying to splice an associative array into another, array_splice is missing two key ingredients: Getting Started Introduction A simple tutorial Language Reference Basic syntax Types Variables Constants Expressions Operators Control Structures Functions Classes and Objects Namespaces Enumerations Errors Exceptions Fibers Generators Attributes References Explained Predefined Variables Predefined Exceptions Predefined Interfaces and Classes Predefined Attributes Context options and parameters Supported Protocols and Wrappers Security Introduction General considerations Installed as CGI binary Installed as an Apache module Session Security Filesystem Security Database Security Error Reporting User Submitted Data Hiding PHP Keeping Current Features HTTP authentication with PHP Cookies Sessions Dealing with XForms Handling file uploads Using remote files Connection handling Persistent Database Connections Command line usage Garbage Collection DTrace Dynamic Tracing Function Reference Affecting PHP's Behaviour Audio Formats Manipulation Authentication Services Command Line Specific Extensions Compression and Archive Extensions Cryptography Extensions Database Extensions Date and Time Related Extensions File System Related Extensions Human Language and Character Encoding Support Image Processing and Generation Mail Related Extensions Mathematical Extensions Non-Text MIME Output Process Control Extensions Other Basic Extensions Other Services Search Engine Extensions Server Specific Extensions Session Extensions Text Processing Variable and Type Related Extensions Web Services Windows Only Extensions XML Manipulation GUI Extensions Keyboard Shortcuts ? This help j Next menu item k Previous menu item g p Previous man page g n Next man page G Scroll to bottom g g Scroll to top g h Goto homepage g s Goto search If that's the case, let us know in the comments below so we can remove it from our working codes list. Bulu Monster is a monster capture game which lead the user on a unique adventure that is. Codes can only be claimed once! Finally, the code might be expired. Third, you might have already claimed the code before. Products & Resources - Redeem Code Products & Resources - Support. Make sure to type in the codes exactly as they're written above to prevent errors. Latest Bulu Monster Hack Mod Apk Get Unlimited Bulu Points Cheats iOS & Android. Second, you might have mistyped it (which happens to the best of us). Creatures of Sonaria codes only work in the beta Recode server. ![]() First, you might be trying to access it from the main server. Roblox Creatures of Sonaria codes may not work for a few reasons. After successfully redeeming an offer redemption code, a message will display the items added to. ![]() Please make sure it does not including white space. ![]() Log in using the same credentials you use to access your Monster Hunter Now account. Why are my Roblox Creatures of Sonaria (Recode Server) codes not working? To redeem an offer redemption code on the web: Visit this website. Alternatively, you can bookmark this page, as we'll constantly update it with all working codes, so you don't have to look for them yourself. and Capture rate for 5 star monsters is 12 at maximum. To find more codes for Roblox Creatures of Sonaria, follow the developer's Twitter account and the Creatures of Sonaria Discord server, where codes may regularly be posted. Instead, you will have to redeem your codes online via the Monster Hunter Now website. 2 star: Uncommon 3 star: Rare 4 star: High Rare 5 star: Super Rare 5 star monsters will appear in the map when you search a yellow flashing tile. Bulu Monster Tier List Game seems to just get stuck on the loading screen now. Step 2: Enter the code in the gift code box and press 'Confirm' to receive the reward. How can you get more Roblox Creatures of Sonaria (Recode Server) codes? 156 Octozc0DCtGW1A 796 NovemHow to Redeem Code Step 1: Click on 'Avatar' > 'Settings' > 'Promo Code'. The cheats and hacks provide a very valuable generator of resources that will be otherwise difficult to get and really time-consuming.
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![]() These pages offer hours of entertainment and allow your child to explore their artistic side without breaking the bank. GBcoloring understands the importance of accessible activities, which is why we provide a variety of Deadpool coloring pages free of charge. Simply download and print the pages, and let your child’s imagination run wild! Discover Endless Fun with Deadpool Coloring Pages Free These coloring pages feature everyone’s favorite anti-hero in various poses and settings, giving your child plenty of opportunities to explore their creativity. Discover Printable Deadpool Coloring SheetsĮngage Your Child with Deadpool Coloring Pages Printableĭeadpool coloring pages printable options are a perfect way to keep your child entertained and engaged.Find a Variety of Deadpool Coloring Pages to Print.Explore Free Deadpool Coloring Pages for Kids.Enjoy the Convenience of Deadpool Coloring Pages Printable Free.Get Creative with Deadpool Coloring Pages Easy.Discover Endless Fun with Deadpool Coloring Pages Free.Engage Your Child with Deadpool Coloring Pages Printable.Later on, this inspiration was translated into the comics by having Deadpool admire Spider-Man and even constantly try to win him over as his best friend. Though Deadpool was conceptualized as a character easy to draw so that the artists would make deadlines quicker, his creators were also inspired by Spider-Man’s costume. The red suit isn’t just so bad guys won’t see him bleed, but is actually inspired by the web-slinger himself, Spider-Man.Deadpool described himself as “Ryan Reynolds crossed with a shar-pei” in a 2004 comic book series, leading Reynolds to believe he was destined for the role.When Deadpool was first developed, the similarities to DC’s Deathstroke were so uncanny that they decided to name him Wade Wilson as a joke.He has even been seen donating his organs and sacrificing his body for others. While he has killed hundreds of people and constantly torments those closest to him, Deadpool has shown great compassion in brief, intimate moments. Deadpool is an anti-hero to the core, but in his heart he’s a good guy (most of the time).By the way, in the said comic "The New Mutants", Deadpool was the villain. Incidentally, Ryan Reynolds began his acting career in 1991. The film was released in February 2016, exactly twenty-five years after Deadpool’s first appearance in the pages of The New Mutants #98 cover dated 1991.Wade was given survival odds of 1000 to 1. Moved into a Workshop, where he and other failed government test subjects were tortured and experimented on, the “Dead Pool” was a betting pool run between the inmates. He joined the Weapon-X project to obtain the healing factor in an effort to cure his cancer the treatment not only advanced his cancer but the healing factor meant he wouldn’t die from it. Wade Wilson gave himself the name Deadpool.Either way, hope you can make a good use of these Deadpool coloring pages.Īlso Check: Disney Princess Coloring Pages You can see him shooting a bazooka too, which is real badass. You can see him using Sai like Raphael from TMNT. As a mercenary, Deadpool has many kinds of weapons. There is also the Lego version Deadpool, still toting his twin katana and holding his signature gun. Most of the images of Deadpool in this post show him as a single character but in a couple of the pictures, you can see him dueling with the Queens superhero, the one and only, Spiderman. There are about 40 of them, so you probably need to take your time choosing the best one to print. Also, he has spectacular reflex that makes him a very formidable fighter.Īnyway, if you've been looking for some Deadpool coloring pages, you can find them in this post. Wade Wilson has been stabbed, shot, maimed, to nearly death but his body can always recover. The most amazing feat of Deadpool is his healing factor that can make him literally unkillable. So, maybe we can call him the good villain. And he has a lot of qualities that say he's actually the bad guy. ![]() Actually, calling Deadpool a superhero is not very appropriate because the guy himself don't want to be considered one. The sensational undead superhero from Marvel's universe. Anyway, in this post, I'd like to talk about Deadpool. Don't be like those people who think they're so strong they don't need a good and healthy breakfast. Hello there! Have you got your breakfast this morning? I hope you all have a nice breakfast. ![]() ![]() The absorbed Hyp-containing oligopeptides are distributed to various tissues and finally excreted into the urine 6, 23, 24. ![]() Therefore, although orally ingested collagen hydrolysate is sequentially digested by gastrointestinal enzymes, some parts remain in the peptide form containing Hyp (~20–30% of total Hyp) 20 and are transported into the blood mainly via peptide transporters in the intestinal brush-border membrane 21, 22. Hydroxylation of Pro residues confers high resistance to peptidase/protease digestion of peptides 19. Pro residues at the Yaa position are mostly hydroxylated to 4Hyp, accounting for ~100 residues per 1000 amino acid residues in collagen 18. Prolyl hydroxylation occurs uniquely in collagenous Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeat sequences (Xaa and Yaa are any amino acids). The common feature of those collagen-derived oligopeptides detected in the blood is the presence of 4Hyp within the sequence. The collagen-derived bioactive oligopeptides possessing high oral bioavailability are possibly the major contributing factor to the beneficial effects of collagen hydrolysate ingestion on bone 14, joint 15, skin 16, and other targets 17, which have been reported by many groups, particularly in recent years. These peptides have various biological activities, such as stimulating the growth of skin fibroblasts 3, 8, promoting osteoblast differentiation 9, 10, and chemotactic activity on skin fibroblasts, tenocytes, and peripheral blood neutrophils 11, 12, 13. In addition, many types of oligopeptides, including Xaa-4Hyp (Xaa = any amino acids), Xaa-4Hyp-Gly, and Gly-Pro-4Hyp, have also been detected in the blood 4, 6. The most major collagen-derived peptide in the blood is prolyl-4-hydroxyproline (Pro-4Hyp) 2, and the next is generally 4Hyp-Gly 3. ![]() The blood concentrations of collagen-derived oligopeptides reach µM levels, significantly higher than those of other food-derived peptides 7. However, recently, it has been revealed that various di- and tripeptides exist in the blood after oral ingestion of collagen hydrolysate 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Most of the orally ingested proteins/peptides are hydrolyzed into amino acids in the gastrointestinal tract and blood. The oral bioavailability of bioactive peptides released from food proteins is important to exert their bioactivity in vivo 1. These results highlight the specific nature of the Gly-3Hyp-4Hyp tripeptide and its potential for health promotion and disease treatment. Furthermore, Gly-3Hyp-4Hyp showed chemotactic activity on skin fibroblasts and promoted osteoblast differentiation. In mice, oral administration of collagen hydrolysate prepared from bovine tendon, which contains a higher amount of 3Hyp, further increased blood Gly-3Hyp-4Hyp levels compared to that from bovine skin. Additionally, Gly-3Hyp-4Hyp uniquely maintained the maximum concentration until 4 h after the ingestion due to its exceptionally high resistance to peptidase/protease demonstrated by incubation with mouse plasma. Here, we identified Gly-3Hyp-4Hyp tripeptide in human blood at high concentrations, comparable to other 4Hyp-containing oligopeptides, after ingesting porcine skin collagen hydrolysate. In contrast, no study investigates the fate of another collagen-specific but minor amino acid, 3Hyp. There are increasing reports demonstrating high bioavailability of 4-hydroxyproline (4Hyp)-containing oligopeptides after oral ingestion of collagen hydrolysate and their bioactivity. |
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